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| Participle after Noun |
| We can use participle clauses after a noun in the same way as relative clauses. This gives more information about the noun. We sometimes call this a 'reduced relative clause'. |
| Example: |
| Who was the girl singing Abba's songs? (Who was the girl who was singing Abba's songs?) |
| The man wearing a blue tuxedo is a friend of mine. (The man who is wearing a blue tuxedo is a friend of mine.) |
| People arriving late will not be allowed to enter. (People who is arriving late will not be allowed to enter.) |
| Those books lying on the table were mine. (Those books which are lying on the table were mine.) |
| Adverbial clauses |
| An adverbial clause (or an adverb clause) is a group of words which plays the role of an adverb. (Like all clauses, an adverbial clause will contain a subject and a verb.) |
| Example: |
| Keep singing until the melody fades. |
| In a world where there is so much to be done, I felt strongly impressed that there must be something for me to do. |
| Once they saw the car coming, the birds flew away from the street. |
| Supposing your son took the car without permission, what would your punishment be? |
| Subjects; misrelated participle |
| While picking apples from the tree, a snake bit the farmer. (sounds like the snake was picking apples) While picking apples from the tree, a farmer was bitten by a snake. (The farmer was piciking apples.) |
| While cooking dinner, the telephone rang. (sounds like the telephone was cooking dinner) While cooking dinner, Satome heard the telephone ring. (Satome was cooking dinner) |
| Participle clauses with their own subject |
| A participle clause can have its own subject |
| Example: |
| Generally speaking, women are better than men in many ways. |
| All things considered, we decided to establish the business anyway. |
| We can use verb + participle and verb + object + participle |
| Example |
| They sat talking for hours. |
| The teacher caught a few students cheating in the exam. |